A rare-event study of frequency regulation and contingency services from grid-scale batteries

We perform a rare-event study on simulated power system in which grid-scale batteries provide both regulation and emergency frequency control ancillary services. Using model of random disturbances at each bus, we employ the skipping sampler, Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm for sampling, to build conditional distributions leading two kinds instability: excursions outside normal operating band, load shedding. Potential saturation benefits, competition between services, are explored as battery maximum output increases. This article is part theme issue ‘The mathematics energy systems’.